Bibliography of Research on Parameters of Lightning Strokes

Task Force 15.09.04.06 on Parameters of Lightning Strokes

Lightning and Insulator Subcommittee of the T & D Committee

(Rev. 5, 1/01)

  1. T.E. Allibone, "Velocities of Leader-Strokes to Lightning and Spark Discharges", Journal of The Franklin Institute, Vol. 306, No. 1, pp. 35-39, July 1978
  2. R.B. Anderson and A.J. Eriksson, "Lightning Parameters for Engineering Applications", Electra, No. 69, pp. 65-102, March 1980.
  3. R.B. Anderson and A.J. Eriksson, "A Summary of Lightning Parameters for Engineering Applications", Proceedings of CIGRE, Paper No.33-06, 1980.
  4. R.B. Anderson, A.J. Eriksson, H. Kroninger, D.V. Meal and M.A. Smith, "Lightning and Thunderstorm Parameters", Proceedings of International Conference on Lightning and Power Systems, pp. 57-61, 5-7 June, 1984.
  5. P.P. Barker, R.T. Mancao, D.J. Kvaltine and D.E. Parrish, "Characteristics of Lightning Surges Measured at Metal Oxide Distribution Arresters", IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 301-310, January 1993.
  6. W.H. Beasley, M.A. Uman, D.M. Jordan and C. Ganesh, "Positive Cloud-to-Cloud Lightning Return Strokes", Journal of Geophysics, Vol. 88, No. C13, pp. 8475-8482, October 1983.
  7. O. Beierl, "Lightning Current Measurements at the Peissenberg Tower, Seventh International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, Technical University of Dresden, Germany, Paper No. 81.02, 26-30 August 1991.
  8. K. Berger, "Voltages Generated by Thunderstorms on Two Medium Voltage Lines as Observed in the Summer of 1928", Doctoral Dissertation N0. 566, Eidgenossiische Technische Hochschule, Zurich, Switzerland, 1930.
  9. K. Berger, "The Thunderstorm Measurements of the Years 1932 and 1933 in Switzerland", Bulletin SEV, Vol. 25, No. 9, pp. 213-229, 1934.
  10. K. Berger, "The Results of the Thunderstorm Measurements of the Years 1934/35", Bulletin SEV, Vol. 27, pp. 145-163, 1936.
  11. K. Berger, "Measurements and the Results of the Lightning Research of the Years 1947-1954, Bulletin SEV, Vol. 46, pp. 291-301, pp. 405-424, 1955.
  12. K. Berger, "Front Duration and Current Steepness of Lightning Strokes to the Earth", Paper No. 27, pp. 63-73, Gas Discharges and the Electricity Supply Industry (book), edited by J.S. Forrest, P.R. Howard and D.J. Littler, Butterworths, London, 1962.
  13. K. Berger and E. Vogelsanger, "Measurements and Results of Lightning Research of the Years 1955-1963 on the Monte San Salvatore", Bulletin SEV, Vol. 56, pp. 2-22, 1965.
  14. K. Berger and E. Vogelsanger, "Photographic Lightning Investigations of the Years 1955-1963 on the Monte San Salvatore", Bulletin SEV, Vol. 57, pp. 591-620, 1966.
  15. K. Berger, "Novel Observations on Lightning Discharges: Results of Research on Monte San Salvatore", Journal of the Franklin Institute, Vol. 283, pp. 478-525, 1967.
  16. K. Berger, "Summary about Duration of Flashes and Stroke Intervals", CIGRE, WG 33-01, 1970.
  17. K. Berger, "Methods and the Results of the Lightning Research on Monte San Salvatore 1963-1971", Bulletin SEV, Vol. 63, pp. 1403-1422, 1972.
  18. K. Berger, "Oscillographic Measurements of the Field Profiles Near the Lightning Stroke on the Monte San Salvatore", Bulletin SEV, Vol. 64, pp. 120-136, 1973.
  19. K. Berger, R.B. Anderson and H. Kroninger, "Parameters of Lightning Flashes", Electra, No. 41, pp. 23-37, July 1975.
  20. K. Berger, "The Earth Flash", Chapter 5, pp. 119-190, Lightning, Vol. 1 - Physics of Lightning. Edited by R. Golde. Academic Press, New York, 1977.
  21. K. Berger, "Lightning Surges", pp. 25-62. Surges in High-Voltage Networks. Edited by K. Ragaller. Plenum Press, New York and London, 1980.
  22. M. Böckman and N. Hyltén-Cavallius, "Atmospheric Overvoltages on Transmission Lines. Recording Devices and Results of Two Years Records", Proceedings of CIGRE, Paper No. 321, 1950.
  23. J.S. Boyle and R.E. Orville, "Return Stroke Velocity Measurements in Multistroke Lightning Flashes", Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 81, No. 24, pp. 4461-4466, 20 August 1976.
  24. "The Study of Lightning", pp. 1-96 in Surge Phenomena - Seven Years' Research for the Central Electricity Board (1933-1940). The British Electrical and Allied Industries research Association, London, 1941.
  25. M. Brook, N. Kitagawa and E.J. Workman, "Quantitative Study of Strokes and Continuing Currents in Lightning Discharges to Ground", Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 67, No. 2, pp. 649-659, 1962.
  26. M. Brook, R.W. Henderson and R.B. Pyle, "Positive Lightning Strokes to Ground", Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 94, No. D11, pp. 13295-13303, 30 September 1989.
  27. G.W. Brown, "Joint Frequency Distribution of Stroke Current Rates of Rise and Crest Magnitude to Transmission Lines", IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-97, No. 1, pp. 53-58, January/February 1978.
  28. C.E.R. Bruce and R.H. Golde, "The Lightning Discharge", Journal of IEE (G.B.), Vol. 88, Part II, No. 6, pp. 487-505, December 1941.
  29. W.A. Chisholm et al., "Statistical Models for Lightning Intensity and Their Application to Prediction of Transmission Outage Rates", Proeedings of First International Symp. on Probabilistic Methods Applied to Electric Power Systems, July 1986.
  30. M. Darveniza and M.A. Uman, "Research into Lightning Protection of Distribution Systems II - Results from Florida Field Work 1978 and 1979", IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-103, No. 4, pp. 673-682, April 1984.
  31. "Lightning Flash Characteristics: 1986", EPRI Report EL-5667, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA., February 1988.
  32. "Lightning Flash Characteristics: 1987", EPRI Report EL-6413, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA., August 1989.
  33. A.J. Eriksson and D.V. Meal, "Lightning Performance and Overvoltage Surge Studies on a Rural Distribution Line", Proceedings of IEE (G.B.), Vol. 129, Part C, No. 2, pp. 59-69, March 1982.
  34. A.J. Eriksson, M.F. Stringfellow and D.V. Meal, "Lightning-Induced Overvoltages on Overhead Distribution Lines", IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-101, No. 4, pp. 960-968, April 1982.
  35. A.J. Eriksson, C.L. Penman and D.V. Meal, "A Review of Five Years' Lightning Research on an 11 kV Test Line", Proceedings of IEE Conference on Lightning and Power Systems, pp. 62-71, 5-7 June 1984.
  36. A.J. Eriksson, "Notes on Lightning Parameters for System Performance Estimation", CIGRE Note 33-86 (WG 33-01)IWD, July 15, 1986.
  37. F. Esposto, G. Meineri, M. Guglielmina and R. Pomponi, "Lightning Surges Measured on Telephone Subscriber Lines", Seventh International Zurich Symposium and Technical Exhibition on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Zurich, Switzerland, pp. 277-282, 1987.
  38. R.J. Fisher and M.A. Uman, "Measured Electric Field Risetimes for First and Subsequent Lightning Return Strokes", Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 77, No. 3, pp. 399-406, 20 January 1972.
  39. R.J. Fisher, G.H. Schnetzer, R. Thottappillil, V.A. Rakov, M.A. Uman and J.D. Goldberg, "Parameters of Triggered-Lightning Flashes in Florida and Alabama", Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 98, No. D12, pp. 22887-22902, December 20, 1993.
  40. E. Garbagnati and G.B. Lopiparo, "Lightning Parameters - Results of 10 Years of Systematic Investigation in Italy", International Aerospace Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, Oxford, AL, pp. A1-1 to A1-12, 1982.
  41. H.J. Glendenhuys, M.F. Stringfellow and D.V. Meal, "Measured Lightning Discharge Duty of Distribution Surge Arresters", IEE Conference on Lightning and Power Systems, London, U.K., Paper no. 4-II, 1984.
  42. R.H. Golde, "Occurrence of Upward Streamers in Lightning Discharges", Nature, Vol. 160, p. 395, 1947.
  43. B.N. Gorin, V.I. Lewitow and A.K. Skiljew, "Lightning Measurements on Ostankino-Television Tower in Moskow", Elektrichestvo, Vol. 2, pp. 24-29, 1972.
  44. S.B. Griscomb, R.W. Caswell, R.E. Graham, H.R. McNutt, R.H. Schlomann and J.K. Thornton, "Five-Year Field Investigation of Lightning Effects on Transmission Lines", IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-84, pp. 257-280, 1965.
  45. J.H. Hagenguth and J.G. Anderson, "Lightning to the Empire State Building - Part III", AIEE Transactions, Vol. 71, Part III, pp. 641-649, 1952.
  46. E. Hansen, and S.K. Waldorf, "An Eight Year Investigation of Lightning Currents and Preventive Lightning Protection on a Transmission System", AIEE Transactions, Vol. 63, pp. 251- , 1944.
  47. D.J. Harris and Y.E. Salman, "Characteristics of the Lightning Discharge in Northern Nigeria", Proceedings of International Conference on Gas Discharges, pp. 303-308, London, 15-18 September 1970.
  48. S. Hentschke and M. Illgen, "Measurement of Extreme Lightning Storms on Radio towers", Elektrotech. Z. Ausg. A., Vol. 96, pp. 352-355, 1975.
  49. N. Herodotou, W.A. Chisholm and W. Janischewskyj, "Distribution of Lightning Peak Stroke Currents in Ontario Using an LLP System", IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 1331-1339, July 1993.
  50. J. Hojo, M. Ishii, T. Kawamura and F. Suzuki, "Characteristics and Evaluation of Lightning Field Waveforms", Electrical Engineering in Japan, Vol. 108, No. 6, pp.55-65, November/December 1988.
  51. P.R.P. Hoole, "Lightning Return Stroke Velocity", Proceedings of 1988 International Aerospace and Ground Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, Oklahoma City, OK, pp. 111-117, 19-22 April 1988.
  52. P.R.P. Hoole and F. Coowar, "Statistics on Tropical Lightning and its Interaction with Power Systems", Electric Power Systems Research, Vol. 16,pp. 63-77, 1989.
  53. P. Hubert and G. Mouget, "Return Stroke Velocity Measurements in Two Triggered Lightning Flashes", Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 86, No. C6, pp. 5253-5261, 20 June 1981.
  54. J. Huse, "Some Characteristics of Lightning Ground Flashes Observed in Norway", Proceedings of International Conference on Lightning and Power Systems, pp. 72-75, 5-7 June 1984.
  55. A.M. Hussein, W. Janischewskyj, J.-S. Chang, V. Shostak, W.A. Chisholm, P. Dzurevych and Z.-I. Kawasaki, "Simultaneous Measurement of Lightning Parameters for Strokes to the Toronto Canadian National Tower", Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 100, No. D5, pp. 8853-8861, 20 May 1995.
  56. V.P. Idone, R.E. Orville, "Lightning Return Stroke Velocities in the Thunderstorm Research International Program (TRIP)", Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 87, No. C7, pp. 4903-4916, 20 June, 1982.
  57. V.P. Idone, R.E. Orville, P. Hubert, L. Barret and A. Eybert-Berard, "Correlated Observations of Three Triggered Lightning Flashes", Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 89, No. D1, pp. 1385-1394, 20 February 1984.
  58. V.P. Idone and R.E. Orville, "Three Unusual Strokes in a Triggered Lightning Flash", Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 89, No. D5, pp. 7311-7316, 20 August 1984.
  59. V.P. Idone, R.E. Orville, D.M. Mach and W.D. Rust, "The Propagation Speed of a Positive Lightning Return Stroke", Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 14, No. 11, pp. 1150-1153, November 1987.
  60. V.P. Idone, A.B. Saljoughy, R.W. Henderson, P.K. Moore and R.B. Pyle, "A Reexamination of the Peak Current Calibration of the National Lightning Detection Network", Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 98, No. D10, pp. 18323-18332, 20 October 1993.
  61. M. Ishii, J. Hojo and K. Michishita, "Recent Observation of Field Waveforms Associated with Return Strokes of Natural Lightning", Research Letters on Atmospheric Electricity, Vol. 12, pp. 11-15, 1992.
  62. R.G. Jones, "Return Stroke Core Diameter", Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 73, pp. 809-814, 1968.
  63. N. Kitagawa, M. Brook and E.J. Workman, "Continuing Currents in Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Discharges", Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 67, pp. 637-647, 1962.
  64. D.A. Kuliev, "Characteristic Impedance of a Lightning Channel", Soviet Physics Technical Physics, Vol. 18, No. 6, pp. 782-784, December 1973.
  65. D.A. Kulijew, "Oscillographic Lightning Investigations in the Mountainous Regions of Azerbeizan", 13th International Conference on Lightning Protection, 1976.
  66. J.A. Leise and W.L. Taylor, "A Transmission Line Model with General Velocities for Lightning", Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 82, No. 3, pp. 391-396, 20 January 1977.
  67. C. Leteinturier, J. Hamelin, L. Nicot, C. Weidman, A. Eybert-berard, L. Barret and J.P. Berlandis, "Lightning Current and Current-Derivative Measurements", Proc. Eighth International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, Uppsala, Sweden, 13-16 June 1988.
  68. C. Leteinturier, J.H. Hamelin and A.Eybert-Berard, "Submicrosecond Characteristics of Lightning Return-Stroke Currents", IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 351-357, November 1991.
  69. Y.T. Lin, M.A. Uman, J.A. Tiller, R.D. Brantley, W.H. Beasley, E.P. Kreider and C.D. Weidman, "Characterization of Lightning Return Stroke Electric and Magnetic Fields from Simultaneous Two-Station Measurements", Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 84, No. C10, pp. 6307-6314, 20 October 1979.
  70. P.F. Little, "Transmission Line Representation of a Lightning Return Stroke", Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 11, pp. 1893-1910, 1978.
  71. D.M. Mach and W.D. Rust, "Photoelectric Return-Stroke Velocity and Peak Current Estimates in Natural and Triggered Lightning", Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 94, No. D11, pp. 13237-13247, 30 September 1989.
  72. D.M. Mach and W.D. Rust, "Two-Dimensional Velocity, Optical Risetime, and Peak Current Estimates for Natural Positive Lightning Return Strokes", Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 98, No. D2, pp. 2635-2638, 20 February 1993.
  73. D.J. Malan and H. Collens, "Progressive Lightning III - The Fine Structure of Return lightning Strokes", Proceedings of the Royal Society., Series A, Vol. 162, pp. 175-203, 1937.
  74. D.J. Malan and B.F.J. Schonland, "Progressive Lightning VII - Directly Correlated Photographic and Electrical Studies of Lightning from Near Thunderstorms", Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series A, Vol. 191, pp. 485-503, 1947.
  75. M.J. Master, M.A. Uman, Y.T. Lin and R.B. Standler, "Calculations of Lightning Return Stroke Electric and Magnetic Fields above Ground", Geophysical Research, Vol. 86, pp. 12127-12132, 1981.
  76. G.D. McCann, "The Measurement of Lightning Currents in Direct Strokes", AIEE Transactions, Vol. 63, pp. 1157-1164, 1944.
  77. K.B. McEachron, "Multiple Lightning Strokes - II", Electrical Engineering, pp. 510-512, 1938.
  78. K.B. McEachron, "Lightning to the Empire State Building", Journal of the Franklin Institute, Vol. 227, pp. 149-217, 1939.
  79. K.B. McEachron, "Wave Shapes of Successive Lightning Current peaks", Electrical World, p. 56, 10 February 1940.
  80. K.B. McEachron, "Lightning to the Empire State Building", AIEE Transactions, Vol. 60, pp. 885-889, September 1941.
  81. K. Miyake, T. Suzuki, M. Takashima, M. Takuma and T. Tada, "Winter Lightning on Japan Sea Coast - Lightning Striking Frequency to Tall Structures", IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 1370-1376, July 1990.
  82. K. Miyake, T. Suzuki and K. Shinjou, "Charactersitics of Winter Lightning Current on Japan Sea Coast", IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 1450-1457, July 1992.
  83. D. Muller-Hillebrand, "Lightning Counter and Results Obtained in Sweden during the Thunderstorm Period 1958", Teknisk-Vetenskaplig Forskning, Vol. 30, No. 6, pp. 217-233, 1959.
  84. M. Nagano, S. Masuda, M. Nara and H. Inoue, "Measurements of Steep-Front Lightning Surge Voltages on Distribution Lines", IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-102, No. 6, pp. 1598-1606, June 1983.
  85. M. Nakano, M. Nagatani, H. Nakada, T. Takeuti and Z. Kawasaki, "Measurements of the Velocity Change of a Lightning Return Stroke with Height", Proceedings of the 1988 International Aerospace and Ground Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, pp. 84-86, Oklahoma City, 19-22 April 1988.
  86. K. Nakashori, T. Egawa and H. Mitani, "Characteristics of Winter Lightning Currents in Hokuriku District", IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-101, No. 11, pp. 4407-4412, November 1982.
  87. H. Norinder, "Lightning Currents and Their Variation", Journal of the Franklin Institute, Vol. 220, pp. 69-92, 1935.
  88. H. Norinder, "Some Recent Tests on the Investigation of Induced Surges", CIGRE, Report 303, 1939.
  89. G.N. Oetzel, "Computation of the Diameter of a Lightning Return Stroke", Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 73, pp. 1889-1896, 1968.
  90. R.E. Orville, J.H. Helsdon and W.H. Evans, "Quantitative Analysis of a Lightning Return Stroke for Diameter and Luminosity Changes as a Function of Space and Time", Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 79, pp. 4059-4067, 1974.
  91. R.E. Orville and V.P. Idone, "Lightning Leader Characteristics in the Thunderstorm Research International Program (TRIP)", Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 87, No. C12, pp. 11177-11192, 20 December 1982.
  92. R.E. Orville, R.A. Weisman, R.B. Pyle, R.W. Henderson and R.E. Orville, Jr., "Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Flash Characteristics from June 1984 through May 1985", Journal Geophysical Research, Vol. 92, No. D5, pp. 5640-5644, 20 May 1987.
  93. G. Owa, "Study of Induced Lightning Surges and their Frequency of Occurrence", Journal of IEE of Japan, Vol. 84, No. 12, pp. 44-55, 1964.
  94. R.A. Pearlman, "Lightning Near Fields Generated by Return Stroke Current", IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, San Diego, CA, pp. 68-71, 1979.
  95. F.R. Perry, "The Measurement of Lightning Voltages and Currents in South Africa and Nigeria, 1935 to 1937", Journal of IEE (G.B.), Vol. 88, Part II, No. 2, pp. 69-86, April 1941.
  96. F.R. Perry, G.H. Webster and P.W. Baguley, "The Measurement of Lightning Voltages and Currents in Nigeria (Part 2, 1938-1939)", Journal of IEE(G.B.), Vol. 89, Part II, No. 9, pp. 185-203, June 1942.
  97. J. Phillpott, "Simulation of Lightning Currents in Relation to Measured Parameters of Natural Lightning", Proceedings of the Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, Culham Laboratory, England, April 1975.
  98. E.T. Pierce, "Electrostatic Field-Changes due to Lightning Discharges", Quarterly Journal of Research of Meteorological Society, Vol. 81, pp. 211-228, 1955.
  99. E.T. Pierce and N. Cianos, "A Ground-Lightning Environment for Engineering Usage", Stanford Research Institute Report, Technical Report 1, 1972.
  100. A.S. Podgorski and J.A. Landt, "Three Dimensional Time Domain Modelling of Lightning", IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. PWRD-2, No. 3, pp. 931-938, July 1987.
  101. G.H. Price and E.T. Pierce, "The Modeling of Channel Current in the Lightning Return Stroke", Radio Science, Vol. 12, pp. 381-3388, 1977.
  102. J. Rai, "Current and Velocity of the Return Stroke Lightning", Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, Vol. 40, pp. 1275-1280, 1978.
  103. J. Rai and P.K. Bhattacharya, "Impulse Magnetic Flux Density Close to the Multiple Return Strokes of a Lightning Discharge", Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 4, pp. 1252-1256, 1971.
  104. V.A. Rakov and M.A. Uman, "Waveforms of First and Subsequent Leaders in Negative Lightning Flashes", Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 95, No. D10, pp. 16561-16577, 20 September 1990.
  105. V.A. Rakov and M.A. Uman, "Long Continuing Current in Negative Ground Flashes", Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 95, pp. 5455-5470, 1990.
  106. A. Rakov and M.A. Uman, "Origin of Lightning Electric Field Signatures Showing Two Return-Stroke Waveforms Separated in Time by a Millisecond or Less", Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 99, pp. 8157-8165, 1994.
  107. M. Rao and S.R. Khastgir, "The Physics of the Return Stroke and the Time Variation of Its Current in a Lightning Discharge", Transactions of Bose Research Institute, Vol. 29, pp. 19-24, 1966.
  108. L.M. Robertson, W.W. Lewis and C.M. Foust, "Lightning Investigation at High Altitudes in Colorado", AIEE Transactions, Vol. 61, pp.201-208, 1942.
  109. M.A. Sargent, "The Frequency Distribution of Current Magnitudes of Lightning Strokes to Tall Structures", IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-91, No. 5, pp. 2224-2229, September/October 1972.
  110. T. Shindo and M.A. Uman, "Continuing Current in Negative Cloud-to-Ground Lightning", Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 94, p. 5189, 1989.
  111. B.F.J. Schonland and H. Collens, "Progressive Lightning", Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series A, Vol. 143, pp. 654-674, 1934.
  112. B.F.J. Schonland, D.J. Malan and H. Collens, "Progressive Lightning II", Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series A, Vol. 152, pp. 595-625, 1935.
  113. B.F.J. Schonland, "The Diameter of the Lightning Channel", Philosophical Magazine, Vol. 37, pp. 503-508, 1937.
  114. B.F.J. Schonland, "Progressive Lightning IV - The Discharge Mechanism", Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series A, Vol. 164, pp. 132-150, 1938.
  115. B.F.J. Schonland, D.B. Hodges and H. Collens, "Progressive Lightning V - A Comparison of Photographic and Electrical Studies of the Discharge Process", Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series A, Vol. 166, pp. 56-75, 1938.
  116. B.F.J. Schonland, D.J. Malan and H. Collens, "Progressive Lightning VI", Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series A, Vol. 168, pp. 455-469, 1938.
  117. B.F.J. Schonland, "The Pilot Streamer in Lightning and the Long Spark", Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series A, Vol. 220, pp. 25-38, 1953.
  118. B.F.J. Schonland, "The Lightning Discharge", in Encyclopaedia of Physics, Vol. 22, pp. 576-628, Springer Verlag, berlin, 1956.
  119. K.M.L. Srivastava, "Return Stroke Velocity of a Lightning Discharge", Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 71, No. 4, pp. 1283-1286, 15 February 1966.
  120. N. Takagi and T. Takeuti, "Oscillating Bipolar Electric Field Changes due to Close Lightning Return Strokes", Radio Science, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 391-398, May-June 1983.
  121. E.M. Thomson, M.A. Uman and W.H. Beasley, "Speed and Current for Lightning Stepped Leaders Near Ground as Determined from Electric Field measurements", Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 90, No. D5, pp. 8136-8142, 20 August 1985.
  122. R. Thottappillil, V.A. Rakov and M.A. Uman, "Lightning Subsequent-Stroke Electric Field Peak Greater than the First Stroke Peak and Multiple Ground Terminations", Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 97, No. D7, pp. 7503-7509, 20 May 1992.
  123. M.A. Uman and D.K. McLain, "Magnetic Field of Lightning Return Stroke", Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 74, pp. 6899-6910, 1969.
  124. M.A. Uman and D.K. McLain, "Lightning Return Stroke Current from Magnetic and Radiation Field Measurement", Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 75, pp. 5143-5147, 1970.
  125. M.A. Uman and E.P. Krider, "A Review of Natural Lightning: Experimental Data and Modeling", IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. EMC-24, No. 2, pp. 79-112, May 1982.
  126. M.A. Uman, M.J. Master and W. Beasley, "Lightning Induced Voltages on Power Lines", IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-103, No. 9, pp. 2519-2529, September 1984.
  127. R. Valdivia, H. Perez and J. Loza, "Lightning Induced Voltage Measurements on an Experimental Mexican Distribution Line", Proceedings of the International Symposium on High Voltage, pp. 59-62, Braunschweig, 1987.
  128. C.F. Wagner and G.D. McCann, "Lightning Phenomena", Electrical Engineering, August, September and October, 1941.
  129. C.F. Wagner and A.R. Hileman, "The Lightning Stroke", AIEE Transactions, Vol. 77, Part III, pp. 229-242, 1958.
  130. C.F. Wagner, "Determination of the Wave Front of Lightning Stroke Currents from Field Measurements", AIEE Transactions, Vol. 79, Part III, pp. 581-589, 1960.
  131. C.F. Wagner and A.R. Hileman, "The Lightning Stroke - II", AIEE Transactions, Vol. 80, Part III, pp. 622-642, 1961.
  132. C.F. Wagner and A.R. Hileman, "Surge Impedance and Its Applications to the Lightning Stroke", AIEE Transactions, Vol. 80, Part III, pp. 1011-1022, 1961.
  133. C.F. Wagner, "Relation between Stroke Current and Velocity of the Return Stroke", AIEE Transactions, Vol. 82, Part III, pp. 606-617, 1963.
  134. L.M. Wedepohl and A. Ametani, "A Study of Lightning Representation", The Science and Engineering Review of Doshisha University, Vol. 16, Nos. 3-4, pp. 50-57, December 1975.
  135. C.D. Weidman and E.P. Kreider, "The Fine Structure of Lightning Return Stroke Wave Forms", Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 83, No. C12, pp. 6239-6247, 20 December, 1978.
  136. C.D. Weidman and E.P. Kreider, "Submicrosecond Risetimes in Lightning Return-Stroke Fields", Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 7, No. 11, pp. 955-958, November 1980.
  137. J. Whitehead and R. Driggans, "TVA's Experience with the SUNYA Lightning Dtection System", IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 2054-2062, November 1990.
  138. J.C. Willett, V.P. Idone, R.E. Orville, C. Leteinturier, A. Eybert-Berard and E.P. Krider, "An Experimental Test of the "Transmission-Line Model" of Electromagnetic Radiation from Triggered Lightning Return Strokes", Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 93, No. D4, pp. 3867-3878, 20 April 1988.
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