|
"Robert A. Macy" <macy@california.com> wrote:
What is the amount of energy that kills a person?
This may seem like mixing terms here, but:
[If these limits are in error, please correct...]
For example, maximum leakage in Medical Electronics for
direct connection to patients is around 10uA
Maximum leakage for AC mains RFI/EMI filters is 2 mA, and
typically around 1 mA.
These limits are based upon potential harm for some time
period, and are specified using easily measurable current.
But I need a limit based upon joules. For example, in the
winter as we slide across the car seat, we don't die from
the 18 Kv zap. low capacitance prevents lethal harm. So
what 1/2 C V^2 kills people?
Is there a published limit?
Is there a reference for max allowed?
Robert
-----
From: emc-pstc@ieee.org [mailto:emc-pstc@ieee.org] On Behalf Of Bill
Owsley
Sent: Friday, August 10, 2007 1:21 PM
To: Robert A. Macy; emc-pstc@IEEE.ORG
Subject: Re: What is killer joules?
Defibrillators dump energy as shocks rated at a max of 360 joules into
the human. This stops the fibrillation of the heart by stopping the
heart effectively 'killing' you, but the hope is that you don't stay
that way. The heart will re-generate its electrical activity if there
has not been a lot of damage from the fibrillation. The alternative to
no defib is an abbreviated life span. BTW, if the paddles are not
properly 'bonded' to the skin, the scorch marks are impressive.
The information you are looking may be found by searching on
defibrillation energy, joules, watt-seconds, FDA, etc.
-----
From: emc-pstc@ieee.org on behalf of rnute@san.rr.com
Sent: Friday, August 10, 2007 5:24 PM
To: 'Robert A. Macy'; emc-pstc@IEEE.ORG
Subject: RE: What is killer joules?
Hi Robert:
> What is the amount of energy that kills a person?
There is no single answer to this question.
First, continuous current through the heart can
cause fibrillation and, if not corrected, death
due to lack of blood circulation. The value of
the continuous current depends on the locations
of the electrodes, whether under the skin as in
medical applications, or on the surface of the
skin when touching a conductor. The current
interferes with the very small heart currents
and can cause fibrillation.
Second, a burst of energy (Joules) as from a
defibrillator, but applied to a normally-beating
heart. This causes heart muscle contraction that
is out of sync with the heartbeat and thereby
disrupts the muscle cycle.
Third, a sufficiently high continuous current
may not disrupt the heart rhythm, but can damage
(burn) nerves as nerves are the lowest resistance
path within the body. Loss of critical nerves
can lead to death.
Fourth, very high voltage and current (watts) can
"cook" internal organs leading to death. This is
the principal mechanism for linemen injury and
death.
Some are measured in joules, some in watts, and
some in amperes (milliamperes).
There may be more mechanisms of death from electric
energy applied to the body. Maybe our subscribers
can describe more mechanisms.
Best regards,
Rich
Richard Nute
Product Safety Consultant
San Diego
-----
From: emc-pstc@ieee.org on behalf of Bill Owsley [wdowsley@yahoo.com]
Sent: Friday, August 10, 2007 11:22 PM
To: John Woodgate; emc-pstc@IEEE.ORG
Subject: Re: What is killer joules?
But is that 350 joules in a 1400 uF cap charged to 500 V or a 3.5 F cap
charged to 10 V? I don't think the 10 V solution would have any useful
effect.
--
How about 12 VDC?? Have you ever leaned against a chrome car bumper on a
hot summers day when sweaty and wearing shorts and tried to disconnect
the positive terminal of a car battery? I found the sensation noticable.
And given the sound of defib unit firing, I don't think it's 10 or 12
volts.
-----
From: emc-pstc@ieee.org on behalf of John Woodgate [jmw@jmwa.demon.co.uk]
Sent: Saturday, August 11, 2007 1:39 AM
To: Bill Owsley
Cc: emc-pstc@IEEE.ORG
Subject: Re: What is killer joules?
In message <683371.2674.qm@web39604.mail.mud.yahoo.com>, dated Fri, 10
Aug 2007, Bill Owsley <wdowsley@yahoo.com> writes:
>How about 12 VDC?? Have you ever leaned against a chrome car bumper on
>a hot summers day when sweaty and wearing shorts and tried to
>disconnect the positive terminal of a car battery? I found the
>sensation noticable.
Very likely. Under those conditions your skin resistance might be 6
kohms, and 2 mA DC can be felt.
>And given the sound of defib unit firing, I don't think it's 10 or 12
>volts.
Well, the noise is partly the contactor closing, with perhaps some noise
from thermal effects and electrostriction in the capacitor. I don't
think the noise tells much about the voltage, but the burn marks
indicate a large current, which implies a high voltage.
--
OOO - Own Opinions Only. Try www.jmwa.demon.co.uk and www.isce.org.uk
There are benefits from being irrational - just ask the square root of
2.
John Woodgate, J M Woodgate and Associates, Rayleigh, Essex UK
-----
From: emc-pstc@ieee.org on behalf of Pete Perkins [peperkinspe@CS.COM]
Sent: Saturday, August 11, 2007 4:33 PM
To: 'Robert A. Macy'; emc-pstc@IEEE.ORG
Subject: RE: What is killer joules?
Robert et al,
You have received quite a bit of good information already from the
folks here on the PSNet. I'll try to, hopefully, add something new here.
The research on electric shock effects has been ongoing since the
development of electricity for commercial purposes. The basic data used
today comes from work done primarily in the 30's, 40's and 50's - so it
has
been around for some time. Ongoing work since has attempted to fill in
the
gaps in our understanding of these effects; there were a couple of
symposiums in the 80's providing updated information in many areas. The
basic work, however, stands and is a monument to the early researchers
seeking answers to questions on electric shock.
The development of modern electrical/electronic medical equipment
has spurred the development of specific requirements for that class of
equipment. Their requirements are not contained within the usual
resources
- e.g. IEC 60479, Effects of current on the human body... This work is
ongoing (see the IEC website (www.iec.ch) for the details of the issued
documents as well as a description of the continuing work). The
application
of electronics to new uses has made this field challenging and
considerable
ongoing work is continuing within this committee. The application of
semiconductors to mains circuits has complicated the waveforms that may
be
accessible to users (not sinusoidal any more) and work is ongoing to
better
understand that and provide proper details to control the level of
electric
shock allowed in equipment. Simplification is desired - specifically
specifying safe voltage - which adds considerable complication to the
quest.
Finally, it is almost impossible to conduct electric shock experiments
any
more because of both legal and political pressure; development of better
modeling is the best way forward and some basic work is ongoing today.
The application of a pulse or pulses raises questions of its own.
Requirements for single pulses are laid out in IEC 60479 - the chart
deals with capacitance, charge and energy as a function of voltage
showing
the range between threshold of perception and threshold of pain. That
data
assumes the pulse is applied to the skin and not internally. Internal
pulses are a different matter. Have you ever seen a picture of the small
paddles which are applied directly to the heart to defib or restart it
after
surgery? Moreover the applied current is very small compared to that
applied
on the outside with the usual paddles. The total charge has to be small
also and the voltage can be much lower to do the job.
The application of multiple pulses within the heart period also
requires special attention as the heart needs to cycle to recover its
internal ability to withstand a pulse without going into fibrillation.
This
is described in IEC 60479.
For medical applications you must reference their specific
requirements in IEC 60601 or go back into their literature and determine
if
additional information is present supporting your specific need.
You are asking good questions. Focus on your application - specific
requirements will apply. Find these and apply them to your design to
have
an acceptable application.
:>) br, Pete
Peter E Perkins, PE
Principal Product Safety Engineer
-----
From: emc-pstc@ieee.org on behalf of rnute@san.rr.com
Sent: Sunday, August 12, 2007 1:25 AM
To: 'Bill Owsley'; emc-pstc@IEEE.ORG
Subject: RE: What is killer joules?
Hi Bill:
How about 12 VDC?? Have you ever leaned against a chrome car bumper on a
hot summers day when sweaty and wearing shorts and tried to disconnect
the positive terminal of a car battery? I found the sensation noticable.
We're talking about energy causing an abbreviated
life span. Low voltages connected to the skin are
unlikely to cause such an event. Consequently,
safety standards specify the limits of low voltages
that are not likely abbreviate a life span. Wet
connections are about one-half the dry connections
limits.
However, if the skin is breached, then the limits
are in terms of current, irrespective of voltage.
Best regards,
Rich
Richard Nute
Product Safety Consultant
San Diego
-----
From: emc-pstc@ieee.org on behalf of Bill Owsley [wdowsley@yahoo.com]
Sent: Sunday, August 12, 2007 2:35 PM
To: richn@ieee.org; emc-pstc@ieee.org
Subject: RE: What is killer joules?
Is there also a hazardous energy limit? something like 240 VA?
-----
From: emc-pstc@ieee.org on behalf of John Woodgate
[jmw@jmwa.demon.co.uk]
Sent: Sunday, August 12, 2007 3:57 PM
To: emc-pstc@IEEE.ORG
Subject: Re: What is killer joules?
In message <497805.15292.qm@web39612.mail.mud.yahoo.com>, dated Sun, 12
Aug 2007, Bill Owsley <wdowsley@yahoo.com> writes:
>Is there also a hazardous energy limit? something like 240 VA?
>
No, there is no fixed value. The body is sensitive to current, and
different parts are differently sensitive. Nerves are most sensitive,
and the action of the heart, itself controlled by currents, is probably
most sensitive. A few milliamps can disrupt it. But those few milliamps
might result from a much larger current flowing from hand to hand, or
very few more milliamps flowing through nerves or blood from a faulty
invasive medical device.
The hand-to-hand path (with dry skin) has a resistance typically of 10
kohms, so, for example, a total current of 20 mA would require 200 V and
an energy of 40 joules for every second that the current flowed.
But the path through nerve and/or blood has a resistance of just a few
ohms, so a lethal 5 mA into the heart would require maybe 25 mV and an
energy of 125 microjoules for every second of current flow.
--
OOO - Own Opinions Only. Try www.jmwa.demon.co.uk and www.isce.org.uk
There are benefits from being irrational - just ask the square root of
2.
John Woodgate, J M Woodgate and Associates, Rayleigh, Essex UK
-----
From: emc-pstc@ieee.org on behalf of Haynes, Tim (SELEX) (UK Capability
Green) [tim.haynes@selex-sas.com]
Sent: Monday, August 13, 2007 4:25 AM
To: emc-pstc@IEEE.ORG
Subject: RE: What is killer joules?
Dear All,
BS EN 50191 (erection and operation of electrical test equipment) has
the following definition of "safe" electrical energy...
For frequencies below 500Hz...
25Va.c. or 50Vd.c. AND is SELV or PELV
If the voltage exceeds that above, it is still a safe voltage if the
current through a non-inductive resistor does not exceed 3mA a.c. or
12mA d.c.
And the discharge energy does not exceed 350mJ up to 1000V
Elsewhere I have seen 45uC listed as the maximum charge on high voltage
that would be considered safe. I don't have the reference to hand but I
am looking for it.
Regards
Tim
-----
From: emc-pstc@ieee.org on behalf of John Woodgate
[jmw@jmwa.demon.co.uk]
Sent: Monday, August 13, 2007 5:36 AM
To: emc-pstc@IEEE.ORG
Subject: Re: What is killer joules?
In message
<201048EA81BA0745ACA78E4CC8839001C8BB4D@desmdswms201.des.grplnk.net>,
dated Mon, 13 Aug 2007, "Haynes, Tim (SELEX) (UK Capability Green)"
<tim.haynes@selex-sas.com> writes:
>BS EN 50191 (erection and operation of electrical test equipment) has
>the following definition of "safe" electrical energy...
>
>For frequencies below 500Hz...
>
>25Va.c. or 50Vd.c. AND is SELV or PELV
>If the voltage exceeds that above, it is still a safe voltage if the
>current through a non-inductive resistor does not exceed 3mA a.c. or
>12mA d.c.
>
>And the discharge energy does not exceed 350mJ up to 1000V
>
>Elsewhere I have seen 45uC listed as the maximum charge on high voltage
>that would be considered safe. I don't have the reference to hand but I
>am looking for it.
The only one of those that is 'energy' is the 350 mJ. In any case, the
values are surprising, and not related to values in other safety
standards. For example, before IEC 60990 (on touch current measurement)
was written, IEC 60065 5th edition listed maximum permissible values for
consumer electronic products, but these are related much more to 'does
not create an unpleasant sensation', rather than 'does not threaten
life':
Antenna and (functional) earth terminals: 0.7 mA peak AC, 2 mA DC
through 2000 ohms;
Antenna terminal: maximum stored charge 4.5 ?C;
Other parts: 0.7 mA peak AC, 2 mA DC through 50 kohms,
and:
- between 34 V peak and 450 V peak, maximum capacitance 1 ?F;
- between 450 V peak and 15 kV peak, maximum charge 45 ?C;
- above 15 kV peak, maximum energy 350 mJ
--
OOO - Own Opinions Only. Try www.jmwa.demon.co.uk and www.isce.org.uk
There are benefits from being irrational - just ask the square root of
2.
John Woodgate, J M Woodgate and Associates, Rayleigh, Essex UK
-----
From: emc-pstc@ieee.org on behalf of Pete Perkins [peperkinspe@CS.COM]
Sent: Monday, August 13, 2007 2:13 PM
To: PSNet
Cc: 'John Woodgate'
Subject: RE: What is killer joules?
PSNet,
Thanx to John Woodgate for his additional remarks on sensation and
current. Yes, the current is the key parameter - designers would really
like voltage limits but the conditions need to be controlled to provide
proper protection.
From a historical point of view the traditional limit to the leakage
current that was exposed in a way it could be touched was 0.5mArms AC.
This
level has come to be called perception/reaction level. Whether or not
there
is a sensation varies from person to person, depending on their
individual
physiology. It is low enough that there will not generally be an
involuntary reaction which might lead to a secondary injury. As time
went
on this requirement was applied to appliances under normal operating
conditions; under abnormal or fault conditions a higher level of current
was
accepted - less than the let-go (b curve) level of 5 mArms AC.
If you have ever touched circuits that develop these currents you
will be surprised at the intense feeling of a current of a few mA.
Personally, I can feel the 0.5mA current and don't like the 3.5mA
current -
I usually get off of it before the meter stabilizes to get a reading.
The development of modern switching techniques, now directly in
mains circuits, made it more difficult to control the leakage to earth
and
standards, such as IEC 60950, set a limit under fault conditions of
3.5mArms
AC (no normal operating condition was established under IEC 60950 - it
was
difficult and expensive to try to get to 0.5 mArms - most supplies, from
my
experience, were ooo 1.5mArms under normal conditions & can be reduced
using
techniques developed to suppress EMC). Further, these Touch Current
waveforms are no longer sinusoidal - which means that peak measurements
need
to be made on all modern equipment.
The new TC108 Hazard Based Standard is defining the conditions for
circuits accessible to ordinary persons which will again limit the Touch
Current to 0.5mArms AC but allow 5mArms AC for circuits accessible to
instructed persons. This is a step in the right direction.
:>) br, Pete
Peter E Perkins, PE
Principal Product Safety Engineer
-----
From: emc-pstc@ieee.org on behalf of Bill Owsley [wdowsley@yahoo.com]
Sent: Monday, August 13, 2007 4:40 PM
To: John Woodgate; emc-pstc@IEEE.ORG
Subject: Re: What is killer joules?
This is what I was thinking of, from 60950-2000.
1.2.8.8 HAZARDOUS ENERGY LEVEL: A stored energy level of 20 J or more,
or an available
continuous power level of 240 VA or more, at a potential of 2 V or more.
-----
From: emc-pstc@ieee.org on behalf of John Woodgate
[jmw@jmwa.demon.co.uk]
Sent: Tuesday, August 14, 2007 1:59 AM
To: Bill Owsley
Cc: emc-pstc@IEEE.ORG
Subject: Re: What is killer joules?
In message <476571.21348.qm@web39611.mail.mud.yahoo.com>, dated Mon, 13
Aug 2007, Bill Owsley <wdowsley@yahoo.com> writes:
>This is what I was thinking of, from 60950-2000.
>
>1.2.8.8 HAZARDOUS ENERGY LEVEL: A stored energy level of 20 J or more,
>or an available
>continuous power level of 240 VA or more, at a potential of 2 V or
>more.
Well, that's much more about fire hazard than electric shock.
--
OOO - Own Opinions Only. Try www.jmwa.demon.co.uk and www.isce.org.uk
There are benefits from being irrational - just ask the square root of
2.
John Woodgate, J M Woodgate and Associates, Rayleigh, Essex UK
-----
From: emc-pstc@ieee.org on behalf of Bill Owsley [wdowsley@yahoo.com]
Sent: Tuesday, August 14, 2007 10:19 AM
To: John Woodgate; Bill Owsley
Cc: emc-pstc@IEEE.ORG
Subject: Re: What is killer joules?
There seems to be many more references to contact or shock, than to
fire, but maybe that's just in this 60950 version.
Or maybe with a comprehensive reading of the standard, it becomes
apparent that the implication is for fire primarily, and not so much the
explicit stated contact or accessable or test finger, for example;
0.2.2 Energy related hazards
Hazards may result from a short circuit between adjacent poles of high
current supplies or
high capacitance circuits, causing:
– burns;
– arcing;
– ejection of molten metal.
Even circuits whose voltages are safe to touch may be hazardous in this
respect.
Or I misunderstood your comment, and you actually meant a burn hazard to
the person touching the hazardous energy, which may not yet deliver a
killer dose of joules. Which is what I experienced, a burning sensation,
and not a killer dose of joules from touching a car battery
inappropiately.
It seems from all the other suggestions about killer joules that the
answer is, as usual, it depends. For example, even a lightning strike
will not kill dependably.
1.2.6.4 ELECTRICAL ENCLOSURE: A part of the equipment intended to limit
access to parts
that may be at HAZARDOUS VOLTAGES or HAZARDOUS ENERGY LEVELS or are in
TNV CIRCUITS.
2.1.1.5 Energy hazards
There shall be no energy hazard in OPERATOR ACCESS AREAS.
Compliance is checked by means of the test finger, figure 2A (see
2.1.1.1), in a straight
position, applied without appreciable force. It shall not be possible to
bridge with this test
finger two or more bare parts, one of which may be an earthed conductive
part, between
which a HAZARDOUS ENERGY LEVEL exists.
2.8.2 Protection requirements
SAFETY INTERLOCKS shall be so designed that the hazard will be removed
before the covers,
doors, etc., are in any position that will permit contact with hazardous
parts by the test
finger, of figure 2A (see 2.1.1.1).
For protection against electric shock and energy hazards, removal,
opening or withdrawal of
the cover, door, etc., shall either:
...
3.4.10 Interconnected equipment
Where a group of units having individual supply connections is
interconnected in such a
way that it is possible for HAZARDOUS VOLTAGE or HAZARDOUS ENERGY LEVELS
to be
transmitted between units, a disconnect device shall be provided to
disconnect hazardous
parts likely to be contacted while the unit under consideration is being
serviced,...
During the tests of 4.2.2, 4.2.3 and 4.2.4, earthed or unearthed
conductive ENCLOSURES
shall not bridge parts between which a HAZARDOUS ENERGY LEVEL exists and
4.2.3 Steady force test, 30 N
Parts of an ENCLOSURE located in an OPERATOR ACCESS AREA, which are
protected by a cover
or door meeting the requirements of 4.2.4, are subjected to a steady
force of 30 N ± 3 N for
a period of 5 s, applied by means of a straight unjointed version of the
test finger, of
figure 2A (see 2.1.1.1), to the part on or within the equipment.
4.6.1 Top and side openings
Openings in the top and sides of ENCLOSURES, except for ENCLOSURES o f
TRANSPORTABLE
EQUIPMENT (see 4.6.4), shall be so located or constructed that it is
unlikely that objects will
enter the openings and create hazards by contacting bare conductive
parts.
NOTE 1 – Hazards include energy hazards, and those created by bridging
of insulation or by OPERATOR access to
parts at HAZARDOUS VOLTAGE (e.g. via metal jewellery).
4.7.2.1 Parts requiring a fire enclosure
...
components having unenclosed arcing parts, such as open switch and relay
contacts and
commutators, in a circuit at HAZARDOUS VOLTAGE or at a HAZARDOUS ENERGY
LEVEL; and
...
5.3.8.1 During the tests
...
If the failure of the insulation would not result in HAZARDOUS VOLTAGES
or HAZARDOUS ENERGY
LEVELS becoming accessible, a maximum temperature of 300 °C is
permitted. Higher
temperatures are permitted for insulation made of glass or ceramic
material.
Index
energy hazards 0.2.2, 5.3.8.1
disconnection 3.4.10
in
ENCLOSURES 4.2.1, 4.6.1 (note 1)
FIRE ENCLOSURES 4.7.2.1
LIMITED CURRENT CIRCUITS 2.4.2
OPERATOR ACCESS AREAS 2.1.1, 2.1.1.5
RESTRICTED ACCESS LOCATIONS 2.1.3
SERVICE ACCESS AREAS 2.1.2
multiple sources 1.7.9
reduced by interlocks 2.8.2
ENERGY LEVELS, HAZARDOUS 1.2.6.4, 1.2.8.8*
-----
From: emc-pstc@ieee.org on behalf of John Woodgate
[jmw@jmwa.demon.co.uk]
Sent: Tuesday, August 14, 2007 11:20 AM
To: Bill Owsley
Cc: emc-pstc@IEEE.ORG
Subject: Re: What is killer joules?
In message <801191.97999.qm@web39601.mail.mud.yahoo.com>, dated Tue, 14
Aug 2007, Bill Owsley <wdowsley@yahoo.com> writes:
>There seems to be many more references to contact or shock, than to
>fire, but maybe that's just in this 60950 version.
The editions don't differ that much.
>Or maybe with a comprehensive reading of the standard, it becomes
>apparent that the implication is for fire primarily,
You can see from the figures, in comparison with those I've quoted from
IEC 60065. 20 J is a LOT of energy in the context of electric shock, but
not so much in the context of fire. In the same way, 240 VA is huge in
the context of shock, but not in the context of fire. And the 2 V lower
bound is because you are most unlikely to get a path of low enough
resistance to accept delivery of a large fraction of the 240 VA if less
than 2 V is there to push it.
--
OOO - Own Opinions Only. Try www.jmwa.demon.co.uk and www.isce.org.uk
There are benefits from being irrational - just ask the square root of
2.
John Woodgate, J M Woodgate and Associates, Rayleigh, Essex UK
-----
From: emc-pstc@ieee.org on behalf of Haynes, Tim (SELEX) (UK Capability
Green) [tim.haynes@selex-sas.com]
Sent: Wednesday, August 15, 2007 3:03 AM
To: emc-pstc@ieee.org
Subject: RE: What is killer joules?
Hi All,
Take a look at section 6.3 of EN 61010 .
There it defines the stored energy risk as less than 350mJ or 45uC, the
break point being 15kV.
I presume that, even at 15kV, 350mJ is insufficient to maintain a
current for long enough to cause serious harm. Similar with 45uC.
These figures appear elsewhere and are the figures I have used in the
safety guidance written for my work colleagues.
Regards
Tim
-----
From: emc-pstc@ieee.org on behalf of Robert A. Macy
[macy@CALIFORNIA.COM]
Sent: Saturday, August 18, 2007 1:47 PM
To: emc-pstc@IEEE.ORG
Subject: Re: What is killer joules?
Thanks to all who answered this question.
The culmination of information:
350mJ is safe
20J is lethal
For interest:
In AIR, the maximum voltage a metal ball can hold relates
to the curvature of the ball. The maximum energy a ball
can store is related to the maximum voltage and its charge
with both relating to the ball's diameter.
Therefore:
A 6 inch ball stores approx 350mJ
[Explains why VandeGraff generators usually have a 6 inch
sphere at the top]
A 12 inch ball stores 20J.
[Always heard a 12 inch sphere is lethal]
Robert
-----
From: emc-pstc@ieee.org on behalf of John Woodgate
[jmw@jmwa.demon.co.uk]
Sent: Saturday, August 18, 2007 2:18 PM
To: emc-pstc@ieee.org
Subject: Re: What is killer joules?
In message <web-153134632@california.com>, dated Sat, 18 Aug 2007,
Robert A. Macy <macy@california.com> writes:
>Thanks to all who answered this question.
>
>The culmination of information:
>
>350mJ is safe
>
>20J is lethal
I find your conclusions questionable and I would advise great caution.
It was pointed out to you that 350 mJ stored in a supercapacitor at 2 V
is most unlikely to be lethal if applied to a person's skin, but a far
smaller charge could produce a lethal current if applied below the skin.
--
OOO - Own Opinions Only. Try www.jmwa.demon.co.uk and www.isce.org.uk
There are benefits from being irrational - just ask the square root of
2.
John Woodgate, J M Woodgate and Associates, Rayleigh, Essex UK
-----
From: emc-pstc@ieee.org on behalf of reheller@mmm.com
Sent: Monday, August 20, 2007 6:54 AM
To: emc-pstc@IEEE.ORG
Subject: Re: What is killer joules?
On the other hand my ICD supplies 35 joules at full power. Not sure of
the
voltage.
Bob Heller
3M EMC Laboratory, 76-1-01
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